CHAPTER 11
SOLID-LIQUID SEPARATION
Processes and Equipment
Theory of Filtration
Compressible Cakes
Resistance to Filtration
Filter Medium
Cake Resistivity
Compressibility-Permeability (CP) Cell Measurements
Another Form of Pressure Dependence
Pretreatment of Slurries
Thickening and Clarifying
Laboratory Testing and Scale-up
Compression-Permeability Cell
The SCFT Concept
Scale-up
Illustrations of Equipment
Applications and Performance of Equipment
References
CHAPTER 12
DISINTEGRATION, AGGLOMERATION, AND SIZE SEPARATION OF PARTICULATE SOLIDS
Screening
Revolving Screens or Trommels
Capacity of Screens
Classification with Streams of Air or Water
Air Classifiers
Wet Classifiers
Size Reduction
Equipment for Size Reduction
Crushers
Roll Crushers
Particle Size Enlargement
Tumblers
Roll Compacting and Briquetting
Tabletting
Extrusion Processes
Prilling
Fluidized and Spouted Beds
Sintering and Crushing
References
CHAPTER 13
DISTILLATION AND GAS ABSORPTION
Vapor-Liquid Equilibria
Relative Volatility
Binary x-y Diagrams
Single-Stage Flash Calculations
Bubblepoint Temperature and Pressure
Dewpoint Temperature and Pressure
Flash at Fixed Temperature and Pressure
Flash at Fixed Enthalpy and Pressure
Equilibria with Ks Dependent on Composition
Evaporation or Simple Distillation
Multicomponent Mixtures
Binary Distillation
Material and Energy Balances
Constant Molal Overflow
Basic Distillation Problem
Unequal Molal Heats of Vaporization
Material and Energy Balance Basis
Algebraic Method
Batch Distillation
Material Balances
Multicomponent Separation: General Considerations
Sequencing of Columns
Number of Free Variables
Estimation of Reflux and Number of Trays (Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland Method)
Minimum Trays
Distribution of Nonkeys
Minimum Reflux
Operating Reflux
Actual Number of Theoretical Trays
Feed Tray Location
Tray Efficiencies
Absorption Factor Shortcut Method of Edmister
Separations in Packed Towers
Mass Transfer Coefficients
Distillation
Absorption or Stripping
Basis for Computer Evaluation of Multicomponent Separations
Specifications
The MESH Equations
The Wang-Henke Bubblepoint Method
The SR (Sum-Rates) Method
SC (Simultaneous Correction) Method
Special Kinds of Distillation Processes
Petroleum Fractionation
Extractive Distillation
Azeotropic Distillation
Molecular Distillation
Tray Towers
Countercurrent Trays
Sieve Trays
Valve Trays
Bubblecap Trays
Packed Towers
Kinds of Packings
Flooding and Allowable Loads
Liquid Distribution
Liquid Holdup
Pressure Drop
Efficiencies of Trays and Packings
Trays
Packed Towers
References
CHAPTER 14
EXTRACTION AND LEACHING
Equilibrium Relations
Calculation of Stage Requirements
Single Stage Extraction
Crosscurrent Extraction
Immiscible Solvents
Countercurrent Operation
Minimum Solvent/Feed Ratio
Extract Reflux
Minimum Reflux
Minimum Stages
Leaching of Solids
Numerical Calculation of Multicomponent Extraction
Initial Estimates
Procedure
Equipment for Extraction
Choice of Disperse Phase
Mixer-Settlers
Spray Towers
Packed Towers
Sieve Tray Towers
Pulsed Packed and Sieve Tray Towers
Reciprocating Tray Towers
Rotating Disk Contactor (RDC)
Other Rotary Agitated Towers
Other Kinds of Extractors
Leaching Equipment
References
CHAPTER 15
ADSORPTION AND ION EXCHANGE
Adsorption Equilibria
Ion Exchange Equilibria
Adsorption Behavior in Packed Beds
Regeneration
Adsorption Design and Operating Practices
Ion Exchange Design and Operating Practices
Electrodialysis
Production Scale Chromatography
Equipment and Processes
Gas Adsorption
Liquid Phase Adsorption
Ion Exchange
Ion Exchange Membranes and Electrodialysis
Chromatographic Equipment
References
CHAPTER 16
CRYSTALLIZATION FROM SOLUTIONS AND MELTS
Solubilities and Equilibria
Phase Diagrams
Enthalpy Balances
Crystal Size Distribution
The Process of Crystallization
Conditions of Precipitation
Supersaturation
Growth Rates
Multiple Stirred Tanks in Series
Applicability of the CSTC Model
The Ideal Stirred Tank
Kinds of Crystallizers
Melt Crystallization and Purification
Multistage Processing
The Metallwerk Buchs Process
Purification Processes
References
CHAPTER 17
CHEMICAL REACTORS
Design Basis and Space Velocity
Design Basis
Reaction Times
Rate Equations and Operating Modes
Material and Energy Balances of Reactors
Nonideal Flow Patterns
Residence Time Distribution
Conversion in Segregated and Maximum Mixed Flows
Conversion in Segregated Flow and CSTR Batteries
Dispersion Model
Laminar and Related Flow Patterns
Selection of Catalysts
Heterogeneous Catalysts
Kinds of Catalysts
Kinds of Catalyzed Organic Reactions
Physical Characteristics of Solid Catalysts
Catalyst Effectiveness
Types and Examples of Reactors
Stirred Tanks
Tubular Flow Reactors
Gas-Liquid Reactions
Fixed Bed Reactors
Moving Beds
Kilns and Hearth Furnaces
Fluidized Bed Reactors
Heat Transfer in Reactors
Stirred Tanks
Packed Bed Thermal Conductivity
Heat Transfer Coefficient at Walls, to Particles, and Overall Fluidized Beds
Classes of Reaction Processes and Their Equipment
Homogeneous Gas Reactions
Homogeneous Liquid Reactions
Liquid-Liquid Reactions
Gas-Liquid Reactions
Noncatalytic Reactions with Solids
Fluidized Beds of Noncatalytic Solids
Circulating Gas or Solids
Fixed Bed Solid Catalysis
Fluidized Bed Catalysis
Gas-Liquid Reactions with Solid Catalysts
References
CHAPTER 18
PROCESS VESSELS
Drums
Fractionator Reflux Drums
Liquid-Liquid Separators
Coalescence
Other Methods
Gas-Liquid Separators
Droplet Sizes
Rate of Settling
Empty Drums
Wire Mesh Pad Deentrainers
Cyclone Separators
Storage Tanks
Mechanical Design of Process Vessels
Design Pressure and Temperature
Shells and Heads
Formulas for Strength Calculations
References
CHAPTER 19
OTHER TOPICS
Membrane Processes
Membranes
Equipment Configurations
Applications
Gas Permeation
Foam Separation and Froth Flotation
Foam Fractionation
Froth Flotation
Sublimation and Freeze Drying
Equipment
Freeze Drying
Parametric Pumping
Separations by Thermal Diffusion
Electrochemical Syntheses
Electrochemical Reactions
Fuel Cells
Cells for Synthesis of Chemicals
Fermentation Processing
Processing
Operating Conditions
Reactors
References
CHAPTER 20
COSTS OF INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT
References
Rules of Thumb Summary
