CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Process Design
Equipment
Vendors' Questionnaires
Specification Forms
Categories of Engineering Practice
Sources of Information for Process Design
Codes, Standards, and Recommended Practices
Material and Energy Balances
Economic Balance
Safety Factors
Safety of Plant and Environment
Steam and Power Supply
Design Basis
Utilities
Laboratory and Pilot Plant Work
References
CHAPTER 2
FLOWSHEETS
Block Flowsheets
Process Flowsheets
Mechanical (P&I) Flowsheets
Utility Flowsheets
Drawing of Flowsheets
References
Appendix 2.1 Descriptions of Example Process Flowsheets
CHAPTER 3
PROCESS CONTROL
Feedback Control
Symbols
Cascade (Reset) Control
Individual Process Variables
Temperature
Pressure
Level of Liquid
Flow Rate
Flow of Solids
Flow Ratio
Composition
Equipment Control
Heat Transfer Equipment
Distillation Equipment
Liquid-Liquid Extraction Towers
Chemical Reactors
Liquid Pumps
Solids Feeders
Compressors
References
CHAPTER 4
DRIVERS FOR MOVING EQUIPMENT
Motors
Induction
Synchronous
Direct Current
Steam Turbines and Gas Expanders
Combustion Gas Turbines and Engines
References
CHAPTER 5
TRANSFER OF SOLIDS
Slurry Transport
Pneumatic Conveying
Equipment
Operating Conditions
Power Consumption and Pressure Drop
Mechanical Conveyors and Elevators
Properties of Materials Handled
Screw Conveyors
Belt Conveyors
Bucket Elevators and Carriers
Continuous Flow Conveyor Elevators
Solids Feeders
References
CHAPTER 6
FLOW OF FLUIDS
Properties and Units
Energy Balance of a Flowing Fluid
Liquids
Fittings and Valves
Orifices
Power Requirements
Pipeline Networks
Optimum Pipe Diameter
Non-Newtonian Liquids
Viscosity Behavior
Pipeline Design
Gases
Isentropic Flow
Isothermal Flow in Uniform Ducts
Adiabatic Flow
Nonideal Gases
Liquid-Gas Flow in Pipelines
Homogeneous Model
Separated Flow Models
Other Aspects
Granular and Packed Beds
Single Phase Fluids
Two-Phase Flow
Gas-Solid Transfer
Choking Velocity
Pressure Drop
Fluidization of Beds of Particles with Gases
Characteristics of Fluidization
Sizing Equipment
References
CHAPTER 7
FLUID TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT
Piping
Valves
Control Valves
Pump Theory
Basic Relations
Pumping Systems
Pump Characteristics
Criteria for Selection of Pumps
Equipment for Gas Transport
Fans
Compressors
Centrifugals
Axial Flow Compressors
Reciprocating Compressors
Rotary Compressors
Theory and Calculations of Gas Compression
Dimensionless Groups
Ideal Gases
Real Processes and Gases
Work on Nonideal Gases
Efficiency
Temperature Rise, Compression Ratio, Volumetric Efficiency
Ejector and Vacuum Systems
Ejector Arrangements
Air Leakage
Steam Consumption
Ejector Theory
Glossary for Chapter 7
References
CHAPTER 8
HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS
Conduction of Heat
Thermal Conductivity
Hollow Cylinder
Composite Walls
Fluid Films
Mean Temperature Difference
Single Pass Exchanger
Multipass Exchangers
F-Method
OMEGA-Method
Selection of Shell-and-Tube Numbers of Passes
Example
Heat Transfer Coefficients
Overall Coefficients
Fouling Factors
Individual Film Coefficients
Metal Wall Resistance
Dimensionless Groups
Data of Heat Transfer Coefficients
Direct Contact of Hot and Cold Streams
Natural Convection
Forced Convection
Condensation
Boiling
Extended Surfaces
Pressure Drop in Heat Exchangers
Types of Heat Exchangers
Plate-and-Frame Exchangers
Spiral Heat Exchangers
Compact (Plate-Fin) Exchangers
Air Coolers
Double Pipes
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
Construction
Advantages
Tube Side or Shell Side
Design of a Heat Exchanger
Tentative Design
Condensers
Condenser Configurations
Design Calculation Method
The Silver-Bell-Ghaly Method
Reboilers
Kettle Reboilers
Horizontal Shell Side Thermosiphons
Vertical Thermosiphons
Forced Circulation Reboilers
Calculation Procedures
Evaporators
Thermal Economy
Surface Requirements
Fired Heaters
Description of Equipment
Heat Transfer
Design of Fired Heaters
Insulation of Equipment
Low Temperatures
Medium Temperatures
Refractories
Refrigeration
Compression Refrigeration
Refrigerants
Absorption Refrigeration
Cryogenics
References
CHAPTER 9
DRYERS AND COOLING TOWERS
Interaction of Air and Water
Rate of Drying
Laboratory and Pilot Plant Testing
Classification and General Characteristics of Dryers
Products
Costs
Specification Forms
Batch Dryers
Continuous Tray and Conveyor Belt Dryers
Rotary Cylindrical Dryers
Drum Dryers for Solutions and Slurries
Pneumatic Conveying Dryers
Fluidized Bed Dryers
Spray Dryers
Atomization
Applications
Thermal Efficiency
Design
Theory of Air-Water Interaction in Packed Towers
Tower Height
Cooling Towers
Water Factors
Testing and Acceptance
References
CHAPTER 10
MIXING AND AGITATION
A Basic Stirred Tank Design
The Vessel
Baffles
Draft Tubes
Impeller Types
Impeller Size
Impeller Speed
Impeller Location
Kinds of Impellers
Characterization of Mixing Quality
Power Consumption and Pumping Rate
Suspension of Solids
Gas Dispersion
Spargers
Mass Transfer
System Design
Minimum Power
Power Consumption of Gassed Liquids
Superficial Liquid Velocity
Design Procedures
In-Line-Blenders and Mixers
Mixing of Powders and Pastes
References
